Liability Only Car Insurance

Bibliography

Sources

Every factual claim on this site should trace to one of these. If you find one that does not, tell us and we will fix or remove it.

California Legislative Information

  1. Vehicle Code § 16056 — minimum liability limits — Policies issued or renewed on/after 1 Jan 2025: $30,000 per person / $60,000 per accident bodily injury / $15,000 property damage. From 1 Jan 2035 the limits rise by $20,000 / $40,000 / $10,000 (to 50/100/25).

Utah Legislature

  1. Utah Code § 31A-22-304 — motor vehicle liability policy minimum limits — Policies issued or renewed on/after 1 Jan 2025: $30,000 per person / $65,000 per accident / $25,000 property damage (or $90,000 single limit).

Virginia Law (LIS)

  1. Va. Code § 46.2-472 — minimum liability limits — For policies effective on/after 1 Jan 2025: $50,000 per person / $100,000 per accident bodily injury / $25,000 property damage.

Massachusetts General Court

  1. Acts of 2024, Chapter 275 — An Act relative to motor vehicle insurance (2024) — Raises compulsory bodily injury limits to $25,000 / $50,000 and property damage to $30,000 for policies issued or renewed on/after 1 July 2025.

Hawaii State Legislature

  1. HRS § 431:10C-301 — required motor vehicle policy coverage — Liability of at least $40,000 per person / $80,000 per accident and $20,000 property damage (effective 1 Jan 2026 under Act 138 of 2024); PIP $10,000; UM/UIM offered with written rejection.

Florida Legislature (Online Sunshine)

  1. Fla. Stat. § 324.022 — property damage liability requirement — Every owner must maintain at least $10,000 property damage liability (or a $30,000 combined single limit with PIP).

Kansas Office of Revisor of Statutes

  1. K.S.A. 40-3107 — required motor vehicle liability policy contents — Minimum 25/50/25 liability plus mandatory PIP and uninsured/underinsured motorist coverage.

North Carolina Department of Insurance

  1. Changes to the rating of automobile insurance policies, effective July 1, 2025 (2025) — Minimum limits rose from 30/60/25 to 50/100/50 for policies issued or renewed on/after 1 July 2025; underinsured motorist coverage now included on all policies.

New Jersey Department of Banking and Insurance

  1. Bulletin 25-06 — auto insurance coverage limits (P.L. 2022, c. 87) (2025) — Second-phase increase to $35,000 per person / $70,000 per accident for policies issued or renewed on/after 1 Jan 2026; property damage stays $25,000.

Insurance Information Institute

  1. Background on: No-fault auto insurance — Which states use personal injury protection (PIP), how no-fault thresholds work, and reform history including Michigan and Florida.
  2. Trends and Insights: Auto insurance rates (June 2024) (2024) — Why premiums rose 2021–2024: crash frequency and severity, repair and labour inflation, vehicle technology, attorney involvement.
  3. Automobile financial responsibility limits by state (2023) — Compulsory coverages and minimum liability limits by state (table dated December 2023 — several states have raised limits since; see statute entries).
  4. Facts + Statistics: Uninsured motorists (2024) — Insurance Research Council estimates of uninsured drivers by state (2022: e.g. Michigan 19.6%, California 17.0%, Florida 15.9%, Texas 13.8%).
  5. Facts + Statistics: Auto insurance (2025) — NAIC countrywide average auto expenditure: $1,127 (2022), $1,282 (2023); most expensive states in 2023 were Florida, Louisiana and New York.
  6. Estimated percentage of uninsured motorists by state, 2017–2023 (2025) — IRC time series by state; 2023: Mississippi 28.2%, New Mexico 24.1%, D.C. 23.1%, Michigan 22.3%, Florida 20.6%, California 20.4%, Texas 14.5%; lowest Maine 5.7%.
  7. Facts + Statistics: Highway safety — Crash, injury and fatality trends used to explain why liability and injury coverages cost what they do.
  8. Drivers in fatal motor vehicle crashes by age, 2023 (2025) — Fatal-crash involvement per 100,000 licensed drivers: 42.40 (16–20), 35.34 (21–24), 28.97 (25–34), 24.18 (35–44), 21.70 (45–54), 19.45 (55–64), 15.44 (65–74), 16.63 (75+).
  9. What is covered by a basic auto insurance policy? — Defines bodily injury and property damage liability, MedPay, PIP, uninsured/underinsured motorist, collision, comprehensive and glass coverage.
  10. How much auto coverage do I need? — Why state minimums are a floor; choosing liability limits that protect assets; when collision and comprehensive are worth keeping.
  11. What determines the price of an auto insurance policy? — Rating factors: driving record, mileage, location, age, gender, vehicle, credit-based insurance score, coverage choices. Notes ZIP-code rating is prohibited in California and Michigan and gender rating is prohibited in seven states.
  12. Nine ways to lower your auto insurance costs — Shop at least three quotes; raising a deductible from $200 to $500 can cut collision/comprehensive cost 15–30%, $1,000 can save 40%+; drop physical damage on cars worth under 10× the premium; bundling, low-mileage and good-student discounts.
  13. Is it legal to drive without insurance? — Every state requires drivers to demonstrate financial responsibility; in most states insurance is the mandatory way to do so.
  14. Understanding your insurance deductibles — How deductibles apply to collision and comprehensive and how raising them lowers premium.
  15. What is gap insurance? — Gap coverage pays the difference between a car's actual cash value and the loan or lease balance after a total loss.
  16. How to file an auto insurance claim — Steps after a crash: document the scene, notify the insurer promptly, understand the adjuster's role.

Insurance Research Council

  1. 14 percent of U.S. drivers were uninsured in 2022 (2023) — About one in seven drivers was uninsured in 2022; highest D.C. 25.2%, New Mexico 24.9%, Mississippi 22.2%; lowest Wyoming 5.9%, Maine 6.2%, Idaho 6.2%. Method: ratio of UM to BI claim frequencies.

National Association of Insurance Commissioners

  1. 2019–2023 Auto Insurance Database: average premium supplement (2025) — Countrywide average expenditure $1,281 in 2023 (+13.98%); combined average premium $1,438; state tables for liability, collision and comprehensive.
  2. Consumer insurance information — Plain-language guides from the body of state insurance regulators; links to every state's insurance department and complaint process.

Highway Loss Data Institute

  1. Insurance losses by make and model — Relative claim frequency and severity by vehicle under collision, property damage, comprehensive, PIP, MedPay and bodily injury coverages.

Insurance Institute for Highway Safety

  1. Fatality facts: Teenagers (2024) — Fatal crash rate per mile driven for 16–19-year-olds is just over 3 times the rate for drivers 20 and older (2022 travel data); all-severity crash rate is over 4 times; risk is highest at 16–17.

Consumer Federation of America

  1. Insurance research and advocacy — Consumer-side research on auto insurance pricing, non-driving rating factors and affordability.

Consumer Reports

  1. Car insurance — Independent testing organisation's guides to comparing policies and insurers.

Linked publishers do not endorse this site. Practical checklists and recommendations are original editorial guidance; see our methodology.